Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula

http://www.aafp.org/afp/990215ap/910.html
最多為EA with distal TEF (87%)


Corrosive injury
http://www.tafm.org.tw/Data/011/202/190701.htm 1. acid: coagulative necrosis
2. alkaline: liquefaction necrosis


achalasia: esophageal aperistalsis，LES 壓力大。

nutcracker esophagus: coordinated, 但壓力大

Diffuse esophageal spasm: contractions are uncoordinated


Legionella pneumonia
http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/ccshsu-clement/article?mid=7757&prev=-1&next=7756

GNB, 潛伏期2-10天, Gram stain有pus cells而無細菌......


Reexpasion lung edema: increase lung vascular permeability, high protein edema fluid
http://medind.nic.in/laa/t07/i2/laat07i2p72.pdf



Pulmonary function tests:
Nitrogen washout: 測FRC, TLC 低估 in obstructive lung disease
Helium dilution: 測FRC, 低估TLC in airtrapping
Body plethysmography: 測FRC, If panting too rapid 會高估 TLC

Nitrogen washout/washin, helium dilution and computed tomography in the assessment of end expiratory lung volume

coronavirus:
group1: 229E, NL63
group2: HuCoV-SARS


Mycoplasma:
CXR: interstitial
Diagnosis: 血清titer 增加4倍
Treatment: tetracycline, macrolide..., for 2 weeks


http://ppt.cc/8ZLP
Terminal bronchiole = membranous bronchiole
1. 0.15 - 0.2 mm
2. no cartilage, seromucinous gland, goblet cell.


Reference: Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine, 5th ed.