HAP: hospital acquired pneumonia
VAP: ventilator associated pneumonia


http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/6/992.full

Bad Bugs, No Drugs: No ESCAPE Revisited

ESKAPE be changed to ESCAPE (E. faecium, S. aureus, Clostridium difficile, A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa , and Enterobacteriaceae).  

E 包括E .coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter species....

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15913466 

The microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

VAP菌種：S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, MSSA --- enteric GNB   ----   MDR pathogen

 

http://www.cna.edu.tw/~na/chinese_web/news/1010215/1010215.pdf

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/762961

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)

NDM-1  New-Delhi metallo beta-lactamase

Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)

 

High-dose, extended-interval colistin administration in critically ill patients: is this the right dosing strategy? A preliminary study.

 colistin IV 可用

 

Efficacy and safety of colistin in the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with hematologic malignancy: a matched pair analysis.

Evaluation of the effect of diagnostic methodology on the reported incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.

使用sputum或lavage診斷不一致

International Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units 

JAMA. 2009;302(21):2323-2329. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1754

ICU 感染, respiratory tract, abdomen, blood stream

Association of noninvasive ventilation with nosocomial infections and survival in critically ill patients.

NIV 降低感染